The Primary Language Of Mexico - 1029 Words

Mexico is a country in North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States. Mexico is the third largest country in Latin America and has a population 121,736,809 people (2015). The country consist of 31 states and 1 federal district (distrito federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Veracruz), Yucatan, Zacatecas. The primary language is Spanish fallowed by indigenous languages such as mayan, nahuatl, and other regional languages. Mexico is the site of several advanced amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec. The Olmecs, Mexico’s first known society, settled on the Gulf Coast near what is now Veracruz. Remembered for the giant head sculptures they carved from native stone, the Olmecs had two main population centers: San Lorenzo, which flourished from about 1200 to 900 B.C., and La Venta in Tabasco, which lasted until about 600 B.C. The Mayans, widely considered to be pre-Columbian America’s most brilliant civilization, thrived betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Education System Of Mexico935 Words   |  4 Pages Mexico Education System In Mexico, basic education is divided in the following levels, Preschool, Elementary, Junior High, High School, and Universities. Preschool is required for all children from ages 3-5. Students upon completion receive a graduation document which is required before entering primary school. 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The term culture is definedRead MoreEducation is key to knowledge that strengthens the perspectives, skills, and abilities of learners1500 Words   |  6 Pagesexpenses, poor resources, few transportation opportunities, poor technology, crammed schools, little individual attention and support by teachers and or parents (Frankema 2008). Health problems also affect children’s abilities to take opportunity of primary education (Frankema 2008). Cultural and economic expectations also negatively affect many kids, as girls may be expected to do domestic work and boys to do outside labor; child labor take educational opportunities away (Torche 2010; Frankema 2008)Read MoreThe Issue of Immigration: The Hispanic-American Diversity1456 Words   |  6 Pagesbarriers. In reality, there are a many similarities between Hispanic groups but there are also many differences that characterize each group as being unique. 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How Does Attachment Influence The Social And Emotional...

How does attachment influence the social and emotional development of the child? A child’s social and emotional development has significant implications for the social functioning of a child throughout their lives, in their education, friendships and employment. A child with poor or social and emotional development are at risk of experiencing poor relationships with peers, academic problems and can lead them into involvement in unsociable activities or crime. Research suggests the key to social and emotional development lies in the child’s early relationship with parents and caregivers. It is believed that children develop and thrive better when they are brought up in an environment where the caregiver satisfies a child’s needs physically and emotionally. A British psychiatrist, John Bowlby, developed a theory around these parent-child relationships called attachment theory. Throughout the Late 1930s and 1940s a psychologist John Bowlby investigated the nature a nd the purpose of the close relationships that a person forms with people throughout their lives, in particular, childhood. He researched the making and breaking of bonds to understand the psychological behavior and social and emotional development of human being (Howe, 1995, P46). As a result of these investigations and studies Bowlby developed a theory called the ‘Attachment Theory’. The basis of this theory is that â€Å"the infant and young child should experience warm, intimate and continuous relationships betweenShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Early Childhood Trauma On Relationships1656 Words   |  7 Pagesturn four. Early childhood trauma is the experience of an event by a child that is emotionally painful or distressful. Consequently, exposure to traumatic events in childhood is associated with a wide range of psychosocial and developmental impairments. 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Having an attachment can significantly support a child’s development as Barbara Woods suggests that â€Å"his theory of attachment proposed that attachment is innate in both infants and mothers, and that the formation of this attachment is crucial for the infants development† Wood, B (2001, p.53). Bowlby believed that forming an attachmentRead MoreSecure Attachment Relationship Between Young Children And Their Families898 Words   |  4 PagesSecure Attachment Relationship The mother is usually the first and primary object of attachment for an infant, but in many cultures, babies become just as attached to their fathers, siblings, and grandparents. When infants are attached to their caregivers, they gain a secure base from which babies can explore their environment and a haven of safety to return to when they are afraid. Attachment begins with physical touching and cuddling between infant and parent. 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Health and well-being which is made up of four factors ‘physical, intellectual, emotional and social (Jones, 2016), will also be discussed within the essay. The definition of attachment is ‘an act of attaching or the state of being attached. (Dictionary, 1400) This will be showed in the assignment, using theorists to analyse the meaning. Sharing the

Othello Essay Research Paper OTHELLO ACT I free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper ^OTHELLO: Act I Shakespeare # 8217 ; s narrative of green-eyed monster, treachery, and murderbegins on a street in Venice in the center of the dark. Roderigo has merely learned that Desdemona, the womanhe loves, has eloped with Othello, a Moresque general hired to take the Venetian ground forces against the Turks.Roderigo is angry at Iago, the immature Venetian he # 8217 ; s been paying to play # 8220 ; matchmaker- # 8221 ; for him andDesdemona. But Iago has other jobs. He # 8217 ; s ferocious with Othello for holding chosen Michael Cassio as hisLieutenant alternatively of himself, who has served loyally as Othello # 8217 ; s ensign. Iago hides an evil nature under amask of honestness, and he delights in the agony of others. With his green-eyed monster as a partial alibi, he sets out toarrange Othello # 8217 ; s ruin. Roderigo and Iago awaken Brabantio, a Venetian Senator and Desdemona # 8217 ; sfather, to state him that his girl has run off with Othello. Despite the regard Brabantio has for Othello as asoldier, he is leery of him personally because he is a alien. Iago convinces Brabantio that Othelloseduced Desdemona utilizing appeals and enchantments. Iago finds Othello at the hostel where he and Desdemona arespending their honeymoon. Iago warns him that Brabantio # 8217 ; s angry, but Othello feels he has done no incorrect. Agroup of work forces, led by Cassio, arrives to cite Othello to the Senate for an exigency war council.Immediately following, Brabantio arrives with his protagonists to set Othello in prison. Othello calmly suggeststhat they all go to the Senate and allow the Duke decide who is in the right. In the Senate Chamberss, Othelloexplains how he and Desdemona fell in love: as he told her of his escapades throughout the universe, she listenedwith awe and understanding. Their common attractive force was undeniable, and it happened without appeals or potions.Desdemona is sent for, and she non merely confirms Othello # 8217 ; s narrative but pledges her love for him. Brabantio, seeing that he # 8217 ; s defeated, is devastated. Othello is sent to Cyprus to contend the Turks. Desdemona will fall in himthere, accompanied by Iago and his married woman, Emilia. Meanwhile, Iago formulates a program capitalising on Othello # 8217 ; sopen and trustful nature and Cassio # 8217 ; s good expressions. The inside informations of the program are still probationary, but Iago # 8217 ; sobjectives are steadfast: to see Othello ruined and to win Cassio # 8217 ; s occupation as lieutenant. ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: ACT IIThe war ends all of a sudden and out of the blue when the Turkish fleet retreats, overpowered by a storm. Othelloarrives and is gleefully reunited with Desdemona. The Moor calls for a jubilation in award of his matrimony andthe terminal of the war. That dark, Iago urges Roderigo ( who has come to Cyprus in the hopes of winningDesdemona after all ) to pick a battle with Cassio and acquire the immatur e lieutenant in so much problem that he willlose his occupation. Iago gets Cassio rummy, Roderigo starts an statement that leads to a blade battle, and Montano, the retiring governor of Cyprus, is injured seeking to halt the bash. Othello is awakened by the commotion andpromptly fires Cassio. The broken lieutenant is encouraged by Iago # 8217 ; s advice to near Desdemona andbeg for his occupation. Cassio doesn # 8217 ; t recognize that this is all portion of Iago # 8217 ; s program. ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: ACT III Cassiogoes to Desdemona, who promises to assist. Sing them together, Othello # 8211 ; prompted by Iago # 8211 ; feels thestirrings of green-eyed monster. When Desdemona asks her hubby to give back Cassio # 8217 ; s occupation, Iago rapidly points out toOthello that her behaviour is so leery. Othello demands that Iago turn out his innuendos regardingCassio and Desdemona. Unfortunately for her, Desdemona has dropped the hankie given to her byOthello. Iago # 8220 ; workss # 8221 ; the hankie in Cassio # 8217 ; s room and cites it as the # 8220 ; proof # 8221 ; Othello demands. Cassio, surmising nil, gives the hankie to Bianca, his kept woman. Meanwhile, Iago tells Othello that he hasseen the hankie in Cassio # 8217 ; s custodies. When Othello asks Desdemona to demo him the hankie, shelies and says she still has it, but can # 8217 ; t demo it to him. Othello, convinced of her guilt, resolves that she andCassio will decease. ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: ACT IV Though a batch has happened, Iago has merely begun. He arrangesfor Othello to listen in as he maneuvers Cassio into speaking about Bianca # 8217 ; s love for him. Othello thinks he # 8217 ; sreferring to Desdemona. In a rage, Othello vows to strangulate Desdemona that really dark. He asks Iago to killCassio. Lodovico, a relation of Desdemona, arrives from Venice. He brings a missive from the Venetian Senateasking Othello to return to Venice, and giving Cassio control of Cyprus. Desdemona is delighte d by the intelligence, and Othello, believing her joy is for Cassio, hits her in forepart of their invitees. That dark, Othello tries to pressureEmilia into acknowledging that Desdemona has cheated on him, but Emilia swears that her kept woman is pure andinnocent. Othello refuses to believe her. Iago persuades Roderigo that killing Cassio is the best manner for him towin Desdemona. With forebodings of decease on her head, Desdemona prepares for bed.^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: ACT V Roderigo attacks Cassio, but merely wounds him. Cassio, in bend, manages towound Roderigo, and Iago, hidden in the dark, stabs Cassio in the leg. Cassio # 8217 ; s calls bring Lodovico andothers running from their suites. Cassio identifies Roderigo as his aggressor, and Iago, feigning to avengethe lieutenant, kills Roderigo to forestall him from squealing their secret plan. In Desdemona # 8217 ; s sleeping room, Othello looksat her dormant figure with a combination of love and hatred. She awakens, and he announc es his purpose to killher for her Acts of the Apostless of criminal conversation. Desdemona protests that she is guiltless, but Othello smothers her, certain that themurder is an act of justness. Emilia comes in with intelligence of Roderigo # 8217 ; s decease. Othello admits to holding killedDesdemona, but says he had to because she was unfaithful. The bereaved Emilia protests, until Othellotells her Iago told him of Desdemona # 8217 ; s matter with Cassio. Emilia cries out, and Lodovico, Iago, and otherscome running. When Othello cites the hankie as cogent evidence of his married woman # 8217 ; s unfaithfulness, Emilia eventually realizes thather hubby # 8217 ; s immorality. Iago kills her to protect himself, so makes a tally for it. Montano and Gratiano rush out tochase Iago, and when they return with the impenitent scoundrel, Othello tries to knife him. He merely wounds him, though, and Lodovico orders Othello # 8217 ; s blade be taken from him. Lodovico Tells of letters fo und in Roderigo # 8217 ; spocket associating Iago with the confederacy to kill Cassio. With his last words, Roderigo besides accuses Iago. Afterbidding those around him to retrieve him as # 8220 ; one that loved non sagely, but excessively good, # 8221 ; Othello stabs himselfwith a sticker he had hidden in his cloak. Kissing Desdemona, he dies. Lodovico takes charge, orderingCassio to regulate Cyprus and condemning Iago to decease. ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: OTHELLO Shakespeare # 8217 ; stragic hero is a strong, powerful, dignified Moor. He has come to Venice as a soldier-of-fortune, hired by thestate to assist Venice win their war against the Turks. He spends nine months in Venice, where his leadershipand kindness have made him a popular general. Although born a heathen ( a non-Christian ) he has converted toChristianity. While in Venice, he spends many eventides in the place of Brabantio, a Venetian Senator. Heentertains Brabantio and his invitees with narratives of his travels around the universe. He tells fantastic and exotictales of unusual people with antic imposts and unusual visual aspects. His narratives attract the attending ofBrabantio # 8217 ; s beautiful girl, Desdemona, who listens to his words with such avidity and sympathy thathe falls in love with her. She returns his love, and they elope, cognizing that Brabantio would disapprove of hisdaughter get marrieding an older adult male of another race, category, and state. To hear Othello # 8217 ; s narrative up until theelopement with Desdemona is about to hear a fairy narrative # 8211 ; the narrative of a fine-looking warrior brushing abeautiful immature princess off her pess, off from the clasps of her genitive male parent, and on to happiness.One reader has said that it # 8217 ; s about as if Othello has appeared from wonderland ; his narratives of his yesteryear arethat rich and charming. Shakespeare, nevertheless, has made Othello a human being, non a character from a fairy tale. Unlike other Shakespearean tragic heroes, Othello is non a prince or a male monarch, although he is descendedfrom # 8220 ; work forces of royal besieging # 8221 ; ( rank ) . In Venice he is seen as a professional soldier, a all right and brave one, but still a hired general. By puting him closer to the common adult male, Shakespeare makes Othello easier toidentify with, more sympathetic. His narrative could be our narrative, and his mistakes our mistakes. Othello # 8217 ; s good qualitieseasily outweigh the bad. We know he # 8217 ; s powerful, weather, and important ; the regard given to him by theVenetian Senate Tells us that. He # 8217 ; s besides soft and romantic. The narrative he tells of wooing Desdemona is richand poetic, and his early scenes with his married woman show him full of love and devotedness. Cassio # 8217 ; s trueness to him showsthat Othello is well-liked by his soldiers. When Cassio feels he has lost Othello # 8217 ; s regard, he is broken-hearted.There are besides qu alities about Othello that have a good side and a bad side. One of these is his unfastened andtrusting nature. Othello believes that others are honorable and sincere until he has proof that they # 8217 ; re non. Thisopen-hearted love of his fellow adult male makes Othello an attractive and generous friend. But it besides leaves himsusceptible to Iago # 8217 ; s scheming ; Iago knows his program will work because Othello trusts him and has no ground tosuspect that his loyal ensign would intrigue against him. Othello is besides naif, peculiarly about adult females. Hesays: For since these weaponries of mine had seven old ages # 8217 ; pith Tiff now some nine Moons wasted, they have usedTheir dearest action in the tented field ; Act I, Scene three, lines 83-86 Having spent most of his life in armycamps, Othello knows little of adult females and love. This naivety has charm in the first act, where the strong andpowerful general admits to being a shy and cautious lover. In the 3rd act , nevertheless, Othello # 8217 ; s inexperienceallows Iago to convert him that he doesn # 8217 ; t understand Venetian adult females, that they are known for rip offing ontheir hubbies. As a professional soldier, Othello has gained a strong repute. The subject he haslearned has earned him the regard of the Venetians, who severely necessitate his aid. When he fires Cassio, it # 8217 ; s tomake an illustration of him to the remainder of the soldiers. And he refuses to reinstate him as a affair of principle.Sadly, it is this rigorous codification of award # 8211 ; both military and private # 8211 ; that forces Othello to kill Desdemona. When aman # 8217 ; s award is lost, harmonizing to this codification, he must win it back. For Othello, this means Desdemona # 8217 ; s decease, which he sees as an act of justness, non of retaliation. Equally painful as it is for him, he doesn # 8217 ; t see that he has achoice. He is a soldier, trained to populate by the regulations. The last of these # 8220 ; double-edged # 8221 ; virtuousnesss is Othello # 8217 ; spowerful poetic imaginativeness. The narratives he weaves for Desdemona are rich and impressive. As Othello retellsthe narrative of his wooing in the Senate office, the Duke is so smitten that he understands how his girl waswon by such narratives. Othello can weave thaumaturgy with his narratives and transform the truth into poesy. Yet this richimagination has a disability: it makes Othello vulnerable to Iago # 8217 ; s narratives of Desdemona # 8217 ; s unfaithfulnesss. Othello # 8217 ; simagination runs wild with Iago # 8217 ; s invented inside informations and # 8220 ; proofs. # 8221 ; The most common position of Othello # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; tragicflaw # 8221 ; is that he # 8217 ; s a covetous individual who allows green-eyed monster to predominate over good sense. But is jealousy Othello # 8217 ; sproblem? Or is he, as he says, a adult male who is non easy made covetous? Is this the calamity of a adult male non jealousby nature, who is made covetous by the barbarous uses of Iago? Read Act III, Scene iii carefully, and judgefor yourself whether Othello is by nature covetous. Othello is besides a passionate adult male, and this makes himexciting. But he admits that he has a ardent pique ( Act II, Scene three, lines 207-212 ) . Iago capitalizes on Othello # 8217 ; sexcitability. Once Iago has convinced the Moor that Desdemona # 8217 ; s holding an matter with Cassio, Othello movesto his deathly retaliation rapidly and single-mindedly. Always remember that Othello is a alien. Despite hisstrength and pride, he is neer wholly at place, and is invariably cognizant that others consider him aforeigner. ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: IAGO What is Iago # 8217 ; s motive in destroying Othello # 8217 ; s life? This inquiry haspuzzled readers and bookmans for centuries. Iago is a absorbing, complex character who can # 8217 ; t be analyzed insimple footings. Like many people you meet, Iago c an be cryptic and baffling. Merely when you think youunderstand him, he does or says something wholly perplexing. Shakespeare was evidently fascinated bythe adult male # 8211 ; he gave Iago more lines than any other character in his work # 8211 ; more than Hamlet, King Lear, orOthello. Here are some of the facts we know about Iago: He is a 28-year-old Venetian who is Othello # 8217 ; s # 8221 ; ancient # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; ensign, # 8221 ; a relatively low-ranked commissioned officer. He seems to hold no history of dirtydeeds ; in fact, about every character in the drama calls him # 8220 ; honest. # 8221 ; ( The word is applied to Iago 15 times inthe drama. ) He # 8217 ; s married to Emilia, a salty vocal adult female ; they seem to digest each other. If theirs was alove lucifer, we # 8217 ; re neer told, and it # 8217 ; s hard to think. Let # 8217 ; s expression at some possibilities that might explainingIago # 8217 ; s behaviour. 1. He loves evil for evil # 8217 ; s interest. Some characters in Elizabethan play are merely exhaustively bad ; they were born that manner. From this point of position, Iago needs no motivation. He merely loves to see people suffer.2. He is motivated by green-eyed monster. In the drama he expresses openly his green-eyed monster of Cassio and Othello. He isjealous of Cassio # 8217 ; s occupation and of Othello # 8217 ; s success as a soldier and with Desdemona. 3. He is seeking revenge.The rumours that Othello has slept with Emilia and the possibility that Cassio has besides slept with her injury Iago # 8217 ; spride and do him desire to see both work forces ruined. 4. He is motivated by a force he merely doesn # 8217 ; t understand.The grounds he offers throughout the drama are frequently contradictory. Iago bits at whatever excuse he can tojustify his atrocious behaviour. As you look over the text, seek to make up ones mind which of these ( or other ) grounds explainIago. Remember that his motivations may overla p. If there were a simple manner to explicate Iago, he wouldn # 8217 ; t be theintriguing character that has appalled and thrilled audiences for 100s of old ages. Iago does hold qualities onwhich everyone can hold. Here are some of them: 1. He is a fantastic histrion. For old ages, he has fooled everyone into believing he # 8217 ; s honest. Even if Emilia suspects him of being a rogue, she has no thought that he # 8217 ; struly evil. You # 8217 ; ve seen newspaper studies about the mild-mannered individual tungsten ho suddenly is discovered to be amass murderer; neighbors who are interviewed often say, â€Å"He was the nicest person, so polite and friendly! Ican’t believe he was capable of such a crime!† Friends of Iago would have said the same thing about him. 2.He is amoral. An amoral person has no moral standards at all. Iago never thinks twice about his behavior. Heplunges ahead without a twinge of guilt or regret. Even when the innocent Desdemona becomes a victim of theplot, Iago has no pangs of conscience. He moves to satisfy himself, no matter who suffers. And he goes to hisdeath without a word of regret! 3. He is highly intelligent. Iago plots his actions knowing how everyone willrespond. His insight into the behavior of others is practically perfect; he can adapt himself to the personality ofwhoever he is with–from Roderigo to Desdemona to Cassio to Othello, knowing just how to â€Å"play† him or her.Ironically, the one person he misreads is Emilia; he doe sn’t suspect her loyalty to Desdemona outweighs herfeelings for him. 4. He is an egotist. His opinion of everyone except himself is very low. He laughs at Othello’strusting nature, thinks Roderigo is a gullible fool, treats Emilia as a shrew, and scorns Cassio’s honest virtues.The only person he respects is himself, and everything he does in the play is for the satisfaction of his ownego. 5. He is a cynic. He shows contempt for all conventional standards of decency. He is loyal only when itserves his own needs. He delights in dishonesty. He doesn’t believe in romantic love, attributing it to a sexualitch. His opinion of the human race is so low that he allows innocent people to die without a word of regret. 6.He is extremely proud. Suspicions that Othello has slept with Emilia eat away at him. Othello’s appointment ofCassio makes him furious. Iago sees anything that threatens his self-esteem as a personal insult, which mustbe avenged. He isnâ€℠¢t angered by the thought of Othello in bed with Emilia because he loves her, but becauseanother man has gotten the best of him! Villains in literature are always a source of scary fun. Shakespeare,fortunately, has created in Iago more than just a villain. Iago is a complex character who combines enormousintelligence with an impulse to see others suffer. We may get a vicarious thrill as we watch him operate, butfeel a great sense of relief when justice is finally served. ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: DESDEMONA As a youngVenetian woman, Desdemona has lived a sheltered life in her father’s home. She falls in love, probably for thefirst time, with a man several years older than herself, from a faraway land, and of a different race. She’scaptivated by the man’s stories and wishes she were a man so that she might also have an exciting life.Knowing that her father would disapprove of her marriage to such a man, she elopes with Othello and goeswith him to the war zone. Desdemonaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s portrait is that of a lovely, courageous, gentle woman, deeply in lovewith her husband. Is she a perfect character, free from flaws? Most Elizabethans wouldn’t have thought so.They would have seen her as disobedient and disrespectful. A nice young lady simply didn’t marry behind herfather’s back. They would have shared Brabantio’s disapproval of her marriage to a man of a different class,age, and race. And when Desdemona pleads with Othello to reinstate Cassio, Elizabethans would haveconsidered her a pushy, interfering wife. This is not to say that Shakespeare’s audiences weren’t moved byDesdemona’s death. It’s just that their opinion of her was influenced by social customs no longer current.Today, her behavior toward Brabantio, though perhaps insensitive, is forgivable; her begging Othello, even if itcomes close to nagging, is hardly a major flaw. If Iago represents evil in the world, Desdemona may representthe good t hat evil often destroys. She is guilty only of loving her husband too much. She has no defenseagainst his terrible accusations because she is young and inexperienced. There’s been no room in hercloistered world for the kind of thoughts Othello thinks she is hiding. She doesn’t even believe that there arewomen who are unfaithful to their husbands! If you look at what other characters say about Desdemona, you’llfind that everyone praises her innocence, her goodness, her generosity. She risks her husband’s angerbecause she promised Cassio she would help him. Desdemona inspires such devotion in Emilia that she isprepared to die for her. Even on her deathbed, she won’t betray her husband. Rather than have him accused ofthe murder, she takes responsibility for it. Is Desdemona a believable character? Is there anyone who can beso self-sacrificing? Shakespeare is careful to give her a few minor flaws–her treatment of Brabantio, herstubborn persisten ce about Cassio, her lie about the handkerchief–to make her realistic. But our overallimpression of her is highly favorable, it’s her very innocence that makes her a victim of circumstance. Howcould such a person know about or prepare herself for the likes of Iago? ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: CASSIOCassio is an attractive, likeable young man who seems to be a good choice for Othello’s lieutenant. He’s loyalto Othello, and is crushed when he errs and Othello fires him. It is partly Cassio’s determination to make thingsright with Othello that allows Iago to succeed: Cassio tries to win Othello’s favor by going through Desdemona;it’s this friendship Iago misrepresents to Othello. Cassio has many youthful faults: he’s rash, impatient, and notvery serious about his relationship with Bianca. He also can’t handle his liquor. Yet the offenses Iago suspectshim of–sleeping with Emilia, having an affair with Desdemona–are all in Iago’s mind. The innocent Cassioalmost becomes a victim of Iago’s treachery. Roderigo and Iago almost succeed in killing him. At the end ofthe play, however, Cassio is awarded control of Cyprus, and we believe that the island is in good hands. Hissurvival tells us that order and decency will survive, despite the price that has been paid. ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO:EMILIA It’s astonishing how quickly our opinion of Emilia changes. When she first appears, she seems littlemore than coarse, hard-edged, and world-weary. Her opinion of men is very low–after all, she says, it’s owingto men’s faults that women cheat on them as much as they do. We’re also distressed when Emilia findsDesdemona’s handkerchief and doesn’t return it to her. She’s merely following Iago’s instructions, and can’tknow what he has in mind, but still, she’s being dishonest. However, she redeems herself when she discoversDesdemona near death. Emilia’s grief and her willingness to die for the truth tell you that her rough exterior hashidden a good and generous heart (at least where Desdemona is concerned). As one critic said aboutEmilia’s last moments: â€Å"If she lived forever she never could soar a higher pitch, and nothing in her life becameher like the losing it.† ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: RODERIGO Does Roderigo fall into Othello’s clutches becausehe’s foolish or because he’s unlucky? This is a difficult question to answer. All we know of Roderigo’s past isthat Desdemona rejected him when he tried to court her. There’s no question that Roderigo makes somestupid assumptions: 1) that he can â€Å"buy† Desdemona; 2) that she is having an affair with Cassio just becauseIago tells him it is true; 3) that killing Cassio will make Desdemona turn to him for love. We watch Roderigowith amazement. We wonder when he’s going to realize that Desdemona doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t love him and never will. But,in his defense, Roderigo may be just unlucky to have fallen into Iago’s clutches. As we know, Iago is a mastermanipulator. He is able to deceive people who are stronger and smarter than Roderigo. And remember thatRoderigo is a man in love and particularly susceptible to being fooled. If you’ve ever had a crush on someone,you know that people in love don’t always think clearly. As Iago convinces him there is hope with Desdemona,Roderigo will do anything he asks. He’s that fixated on her. Do you have sympathy for Roderigo when he’skilled? On one hand, he’s played a role in Iago’s wicked plot. On the other hand, he dies because he wasfooled by someone he trusted. Is Roderigo punished too harshly for his failure to see that Iago is wicked?^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: BRABANTIO Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, is a Venetian Senator. When we firstmeet him, he’s terrified that his only child has been kid napped by Othello and seduced with drugs and potions.When he learns that Desdemona’s in love with the Moor, he’s bitter and resentful. He accepts defeat, but notgraciously: he won’t allow Desdemona to stay in his house while Othello is in Cyprus, and he warns the Moorthat Desdemona could betray her husband if she betrayed her father. Yet Brabantio is not a villain. He’sdisappointed when his daughter marries a man so different from herself, and hurt when she does so behindhis back. So wounded is he by Desdemona, that when he dies in Act V it’s probably of a broken heart.^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: SETTING It’s not surprising that Shakespeare chose Venice as the setting of a storyfilled with passion, jealousy, and sexual tension. For the Elizabethans, the Italians were a wicked people, livinglives of treachery, murder, and loose morals. When playwrights of the day wanted to portray wickedness, theyoften created Italian characters causing problems in En gland, or set the plays in Italy. Venice was particularlyexciting to the English. The women there were rumored to be very beautiful, and very interested in making love.Venetian men were considered hot-tempered, aggressive, and easily jealous. An Elizabethan audiencewatching Othello would have been highly suspicious of Desdemona and her behavior. Running off to getmarried behind your father’s back was simply not done. Because Desdemona was Venetian, however,audiences wouldn’t have been too surprised. As for Iago, he probably represented the kind of villainElizabethans thought ran rampant throughout Italy! One interesting note is that the name Iago is Spanish. (TheItalian form is Giacomo.) Shakespeare gave his most evil character a Spanish name, probably because Spainwas England’s worst enemy. Italy may have been the home of romantic, exotic sin, but true evil, according tothe Elizabethans, came from Spain! ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: THEMES The major themes of Othello are 1)appearance and reality, 2) society’s treatment of the outsider; and 3) jealousy. ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO:APPEARANCE AND REALITY Can we ever know the truth about a person? Is it possible to know if someoneis lying to us? How can we discover what lies behind the words someone tells us? Shakespeare wasfascinated with these questions. Many of his most evil characters were thought by others in the play to besincere and truthful. In Othello, this theme has its most potent and dramatic realization in the character of Iago.Iago fools everyone in the play into believing he’s honest. No one even suspects him of treachery, until the finalact when Roderigo first realizes how badly he’s been fooled. In short, Iago proves that evil intentions can bemasked behind a facade of honesty. The theme emerges in other characters: Brabantio is deceived byDesdemona’s reaction to Othello, assuming she fears him when she truly loves the Moor. Othello suspects thatDesdemona is unfaithf ul, despite her innocent looks. Othello also feels he’s being deceived by Cassio, whomhe trusts and who appears loyal. Emilia’s exterior suggests salty indifference, but she turns against herhusband and dies in defence of Desdemona. Even Bianca, who is suspected of dishonesty, is ultimately seenas a sincere and caring woman. And Othello, considered a barbarian by many in the play, is gentle and nobleuntil driven to near-madness by the cruel manipulations of his most trusted â€Å"friend.† The inability to judge truefrom false is a human dilemma that we have all faced. In Othello’s case, the dilemma proves fatal.Shakespeare dramatizes the problem by showing the consequences of trusting someone whose mask ofhonesty is perfect, almost to the very last. ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: SOCIETY’S TREATMENT OF THEOUTSIDER Everyone has known the feeling of being alienated from a group, whether it’s as the new kid atschool, as a member of an ethnic or religious m inority, or as someone who holds an unpopular opinion.Shakespeare points that problem in Othello by making his hero an outsider, one who doesn’t quite belong inthe society in which he lives. From the very beginning, when he’s held in suspicion by a man who accuses himof seducing his daughter with mysterious charms, Othello stands apart from everyone else. As a man ofanother race and from another country, much of the conflict he faces is due to the reigning opinion that hedoesn’t quite belong. Othello’s sensitivity to the issue becomes clear when Iago uses it as proof thatDesdemona couldn’t be faithful to a man so foreign–such a match is â€Å"unnatural,† he says. Othello’sself-confidence, once so strong, is easily eroded by Iago’s ability to convince him that he’s inferior to the menof Venice. Shakespeare dramatizes through Othello the tragedy of a man whose insecurities about hisbackground, fed by public opinion, weaken his defenses and allow his worst instincts to take over.^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: JEALOUSY Othello represents how jealousy, particularly sexual jealousy, is one of themost corrupting and destructive of emotions. It is jealousy (fed by his innate sense of evil) that prompts Iago toplot Othello’s downfall; jealousy, too, is the tool that Iago uses to arouse Othello’s passions. Roderigo andBianca demonstrate jealousy at various times in the play, and Emilia demonstrates that she too knows theemotion well. Only Desdemona and Cassio, the true innocents of the story, seem beyond its clutches.Shakespeare used the theme in other plays, but nowhere else is it portrayed as quite the â€Å"green-eyed†monster it is in this play. Since it is an emotion that everyone shares, we watch its destructive influence on thecharacters with sympathy and horror. ^^^^^^^^^^OTHELLO: THE SOURCE OF OTHELLO Shakespearedelighted in taking old stories, adding his own particular brand of geniu s, and creating something new–andbetter. He based Othello on a story in a collection of tales, called Hecatommithi, written in 1565 by GiraldiCinthio, an Italian. A short synopsis of the original story gives some indication of how Shakespeare merelyborrowed stories and made them his own. The heroine, called Disdemona, falls in love with a Moor. Her familyagrees reluctantly to her marriage with him, and the couple lives together in Venice for awhile. The Moor (givenno name) is sent to command the troops in Cyprus. The Moor and Disdemona travel there

The Yellow Wallpaper Feminist Viewpoint Essay Example

The Yellow Wallpaper: Feminist Viewpoint Essay The Yellow Wallpaper is a much acclaimed nineteenth century short story authored by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. It first appeared in The New England Magazine in 1892. Upon its publication it proved controversial and provocative due to its bold portrayal of women’s sexuality and psychology. The story is also unique, for it adopts the epistolary style, which is a device uncommonly used in short fiction. The letters/journal entries record the experiences of a woman who is confined by her husband to the bedroom upstairs. She is ordered not to work or exert herself in any which way, so that her recovery from ‘temporary nervous depression – a slight hysterical tendency’ will be quick and effective. In what amounts to a house-arrest by her husband, the woman’s condition steadily descends toward psychosis due to lack of variety and distraction in the bed-room existence. For example, â€Å"the character becomes increasingly perplexed by the garish color and the intricate patterns of the wallpaper all around her. She begins to see distorted shapes, eventually identifying a woman trapped behind the paper fighting to get out. The story ends with the narrator’s husband discovering his wife maniacally circling the bedroom, surrounded by the tattered shreds of paper she has torn from the walls. He faints at the sight.† (USA Today, 2010, p.4) The rest of the essay will present the feminist interpretation of this important piece of American women’s literature. During the feminist movement of early twentieth century, many feminist scholars were up in arms against the gross injustice depicted in the story. The inequalities prevalent in patriarchal American society of late nineteenth century is pointed at and criticized. The insensitivity and high-handedness of healthcare professionals, especially psychiatrists, is also highlighted. Since Gilman drew the material for the story from her own experiences in getting cured of depression, her interaction with the famous nervous diseases specialist Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell is relevant for the discussion. As one of the many physicians who debated ‘the woman question’, he â€Å"defended the notion of significant differences between the sexes and argued that an epidemic of neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion, was rife among women who attempted to exceed their natural limits. He recommended a â€Å"rest cure† in which the patient was not allowed to read, write, feed herself, or talk to others–or, as Charlotte described it: â€Å"Live as domestic a life as possible †¦ and never touch pen, brush, or pencil as long as you live.†Ã¢â‚¬  (USA Today, 2010, p.4) We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper: Feminist Viewpoint specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper: Feminist Viewpoint specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper: Feminist Viewpoint specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The feminist grievance with respect to the prognosis of the condition lies in the fact that the depressed woman saw recuperation in totally different terms. For example, instead of spending time within the bounds of four walls, she felt an active social life would lift her out of the mental morose. This Charlotte Gilman masterpiece challenges traditional notions about gender that excluded them from mainstream political and intellectual life. It also questions how medical and scientific experts drew on notions of female weakness to justify inequality between the sexes. In Gilman’s own life, she was discouraged from pursuing a career to preserve her health. Hence the authorial voice is both autobiographical as well as generally representative of women of the era. (Delashmit Long, 1991, p.32) Gilman lived at a time when society was getting torn by two contradictory ideologies – True Womanhood and Women’s Rights. Through her works (including The Yellow Wallpaper) she firmly sied with the cause of women’s rights. She â€Å"stood for the potentialities of American womanhood and struggled to free herself from true to free woman. As a woman and as an author, she perceptively analyzed the most basic conditions under which -women live out their lives and developed her seminal ideas: the crucial necessity for women to have careers outside the home; the ironclad oppression of patriarchal culture; the stultifying effects of the nineteenth century doctrine of the â€Å"woman’s sphere†; the impossible â€Å"double-bind† experience of the woman artist, and the depression and emotional breakdown which often result. Most obviously, Gilman replaces the â€Å"pure woman,† the Victorian angel in the house, with the New Woman who rejects â€Å"the biological yoke of femininity† and claims the rights, privileges, and responsibilities of a human being.† (Quawas, 2006, p.35) The most radical perspective of The Yellow Wallpaper lies in the interpretation of the narrator’s deteriorating mental condition as a method of preserving sanity. In other words, her newfound health and well being springs forth from a rejection of and escape from an insane society. In this respect, Gilman’s main contribution to feminism lies in â€Å"her de-authorizing and de-privileging of the ideologically-saturated discourse of insanity. In her discussion of insanity, she confronts and critiques, either explicitly or implicitly, the patriarchal version of insanity and dis-empowers its authority. She condemns social systems, both political and private, which contribute to women’s psychological fragmentation, alienation, and madness.† (Quawas, 2006, p.35) In conclusion, The Yellow Wallpaper is a key text in modern feminist discourse, although the social context in which it was written no longer fully exists. Reading the story can develop the reader’s understanding of the ‘woman question’ in the nineteenth century and advance or extend their historical sense. The changes advocated by Gilman through her work go beyond mere adjustment of power relation. She envisions sweeping change, whereby society’s very conception of what it means to be a man or a woman would undergo alteration. To the extent that this transformation is a progressive one, The Yellow Wallpaper will remain a masterpiece of feminist literature. Works Cited: â€Å"Bed Rest Wouldn’t Do for Pioneering Feminist.† USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) Feb. 2010: 4+. Delashmit, Margaret, and Charles Long. â€Å"Gilman’s the Yellow Wallpaper.† Explicator 50.1 (1991): 32-33. Quawas, Rula. â€Å"A New Woman’s Journey into Insanity: Descent and Return in the Yellow Wallpaper.† AUMLA : Journal of the Australasian Universities Modern Language Association (2006): 35+.

The Big

Scorpionflies and Hangingflies, Order Mecoptera

Scorpionflies and Hangingflies, Order Mecoptera The order Mecoptera is a truly ancient group of insects, with a fossil record dating back to the early Permian period. The name Mecoptera derives from the Greek mecos, meaning long, and pteron, meaning wing. Scorpionflies and hangingflies are uncommon, though you can find them if you know where and when to look. Description: The scorpionflies and hangingflies range from small to medium in size (species vary from 3-30mm long). The scorpionfly body is usually slender and cylindrical in shape, with a head that extends into a pronounced beak (or rostrum). Scorpionflies have prominent, round eyes, filiform antennae, and chewing mouthparts. Their legs are long and thin. As you probably guessed from the etymology of the word Mecoptera, scorpionflies do indeed have long wings, relative to their bodies. In this order, the front and hind wings are roughly equal in size, shape, and venation, and all are membranous. Despite their common name, scorpionflies are entirely harmless. The nickname refers to the odd shape of the male genitalia in some species. Their genital segments, located at the end of the abdomen, curve upward like the sting of a scorpion does. Scorpionflies cannot sting, nor are they venomous. Scorpionflies and hangingflies undergo complete metamorphosis, and are some of the most ancient insects known to do so. Scorpionfly eggs actually expand as the embryo develops, which is quite an unusual trait in an egg of any organism. The larvae are most often thought to be saprophagous, though some may be herbivorous. Scorpionfly larvae develop quickly, but have an extended prepupal stage of one month to several months long. They pupate in the soil. Habitat and Distribution: Scorpionflies and hangingflies generally prefer moist, wooded habitats, most often in temperate or subtropical climates. Adult scorpionflies are omnivorous, feeding both on decaying vegetation and dead or dying insects. Worldwide, the order Mecoptera numbers about 600 species, divided among 9 families. Just 85 species inhabit North America. Families in the Order: Note: Only the first five families in the list below are represented by extant North American species. The remaining four families are not found in North America. Panorpidae – common scorpionfliesBittacidae - hangingfliesPanorpodidae – short-faced scorpionfliesMeropeidae - earwigfliesBoreidae – snow scorpionfliesApteropanorpidaeChoristidaeEomeropidaeNannochoristidae Families and Genera of Interest: Just a single species is known from the family Apteropanorpidae. Apteropanorpa tasmanica inhabits mosses in Tasmania, an island state off the mainland of Australia.Hangingflies (family Bittacidae) resemble crane flies, but they are unable to stand upright on surfaces as crane flies can. Instead, the predaceous adults hang from stems or leaves by their front legs, and grab insect prey with their raptorial hind legs.Use a Malaise trap to catch specimens of Merope tuber, the only North American species of earwigfly.Dont handle snow scorpionflies (family Boreidae)! Theyre so well adapted to cold climates, the warmth of your hand can kill them. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Norman F. Johnson and Charles A. Triplehorn.Mecoptera, by Dr. John Meyer, North Carolina State University. Accessed December 26, 2012.Family Dinopanorpidae, Bugguide.net. Accessed December 26, 2012.Gordons Mecoptera Page, Gordon Ramel. Accessed December 26, 2012.World Checklist of Extant Mecoptera Species, California Academy of Sciences. Accessed December 26, 2012.

Fact Sheet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fact Sheet - Assignment Example The proposed change to Medicare would replace the current Medicare insurance terms with a fixed rate monetary support that people would use to purchase private care plans or a modified form of Medicare and has the following challenges to affordability of care. The proposal shift the responsibility of care cover to individuals and this eliminates the guaranteed cover and care services that the current Medicare offers, because care would be provided based on individual’s plans (Water, 2014). The proposed change would limit cover to people’s care plans and individuals whose medical needs require very high expenses would not be able to afford care. This is because their private care plans, under proposal, would be limited to the voucher value or an individual’s additional contribution (Water, 2014). The proposal allows the government to limit its responsibility over public utilities. This would be a bad example and could be used in future to stop government’s expenditure on critical services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure (Water, 2014). I therefore urge us to express our opinions against the voucher proposal that is a threat to affordable and accessible care. We can also submit our concerns to our legislators through the following telephone lines, besides peer mobilization through

Subnetting and IP address Scheme Project Assignment

Subnetting and IP address Scheme Project - Assignment Example In fact, it will take into consideration the fact that XUMUC has about four departments that include finance, sales, human resources, as well as research and development. Further, it will concentrate on the WAN transport issues that will ensure that the network design can eliminate high overheads when the company needs to expand in the near future. Introduction Recently, XUMUC institution that was only based in San Francisco merged with a Denver campus. The networking scheme was poorly documented for the original campus alone thus resulting in the presentation of poorly designed IP addressing schemes and an IP addressing table. In efforts to correct this error and ensure that the merger does not bring down the operations in the company, this paper presents details for their network design depending on various issues. ... the background information provided for XUMUC campus, the organization has WAN links in place for the set up of any new locations in the Houston Region. The organization, which currently has two main campuses in San Francisco and Denver, was originally based in one campus (San Francisco). Further, the work of the consultant created very large routing tables at the summarization points and at the San Francisco Campus. In addition, the organization lacks VLAN structures that isolate broadcast traffic. In any case, the organization has about four main departments that should be considered and they include sales, finance, human resources, as well as research and development. Hence, the newly designed networking design documentation should also note that the WAN transport is able to accommodate the network traffic. Moreover, it should ensure that all addresses in the network are dynamically assigned to ensure that unlike the previous design, the high administration does not experience ove rhead when changes are needed within XUMUC. Business Requirements and Network Growth for XUMUC As previously stated, XUMUC has expanded and requires a network design that can assist the organization cater for network requirements of the campus in San Francisco and Denver. The Wan Link that is always available for the expansion to new locations in the Houston region is very useful as it is concerned about the network requirements at the higher level. However, the network needs to be set up in a way that it takes care of the expansions in the lower level as well. This is in the sense that the IP addressing scheme should integrate the two regions and leave room for addition of users within the network. This is because in XUMUC network growth is necessary especially considering the fact that

Project management approaches for dynamic environments Essay Example for Free

Project management approaches for dynamic environments Essay This paper sets out to investigate the nature of projects  conducted in fast changing environments. Examples and  theory are used to illustrate the nature and challenges of  this category. Suitable management approaches are identiï ¬ ed under the following headings: Planning, Experimentation, Lifecycle, Controls, Culture, Communication, and Leadership style. The dynamic project category.  The paper closes with recommendations for further  research. In this paper, control is taken to mean the mechanisms through  which resources are managed to achieve objectives [1], and is diï ¬â‚¬erent to the PMBOK ‘technique’ [2] which is strictly focused on bringing activities in line with a plan [3]. The term dynamic is taken to mean characterised by constant change [4]. In the project management context dynamism is taken to be a dimension of a project  that represents the extent to which a project is inï ¬â€šuenced by changes in the environment in which it is conducted. This paper argues that this is a non-binary dimension that  applies in varying degrees to all projects, so strictly any  given project is neither ‘dynamic’ nor ‘not dynamic’. All projects have some degree of dynamism, so the dimension  is not dichotomic. Therefore, the ideas in this paper may be applied in varying degrees to any project as deemed appropriate. For the sake of simplicity though, for the remainder of this paper, a dynamic project is taken to be one that is  necessarily subject to higher than normal levels of change  due to the environment in which it is conducted. The business environment is changing at an increasing  pace [5–7]. Rothwell and Zegveld [8] went so far as to say we are in the midst of a technology explosion. They argued  that 90% of our technical knowledge has been generated in  the last 55 years, and that technical knowledge will continue to increase exponentially. Perrino and Tipping [9] reported  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬Ëœthe pace of technology is accelerating, raising the stakes and risks for  managing innovation, and requiring early  warning and shorter response time†. Change, in all forms  of technology and business processes, can be regarded as  increasingly pervasive and providing challenges even where high technology is not a core business, such as in mining  [10]. Consider how the Australian Submarine project was  challenged by developments in the IT industry between  the 1980s design phase, and sea trials decades later [7].  This paper will now investigate dynamic projects from a  theoretical point of view. Gray and Larson [11] argued that Pich, Loch and De Meyer [12] describe a type of project  that encounters unknown unknowns and how it is best suited to what they called a ‘learning’ strategy which involves scanning, problem solving and ï ¬â€šexibility. They argue that  this is distinct from projects conducted in well understood  environments which are suited to ‘instructionism’, and distinct from  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœselectionism’ where the most fruitful initiative is chosen after a pool of trials. Turner and Cochran [13]  espouse the ‘goals and methods matrix’ that describes four diï ¬â‚¬erent types of project according to how well deï ¬ ned the methods and goals are. Projects can have poorly deï ¬ ned  goals (‘ï ¬ re’) or poorly deï ¬ ned methods (‘water’), or both (‘air’).  Shenhar and Wideman [14] describe a type of project that involves high levels of uncertainty, using technologies together for the ï ¬ rst time. They call these ‘high tech’ [14]. They also describe a type of project that actually creates  new technologies, called ‘super high tech’. Shenhar [15] describes how ‘low technology’ projects are typically performed in construction, production and utilities, and high technology projects in the computer, aerospace and electronics industries. He oï ¬â‚¬ers building and bridge construction as examples of low technology projects. The key diï ¬â‚¬erence to Shenhar is the level of development work  involved, in that low technology projects have little, and high technology projects have considerable levels and usually require prototyping. Shenhar and Wideman [14] argue that another key diï ¬â‚¬erence is the number of design  cycles. In low technology projects they say there is typically only one cycle with a freeze before development, and with high technology there are at least two, typically  three cycles. Operational  work  Cioï ¬Æ' [16] suggests that ‘projects’ be placed on a spectrum of ‘newness’ from operational to project. The idea has been adapted in Fig. 1 to illustrate the sliding scale  of unknowns that applies to projects. Unknowns in this  sense refer to any aspect of the project, including the methods to achieve it, the objective, and the environment it has to operate in. The guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK) [2] describes  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœprogressive elaboration’, where planning is developed in greater detail as the project progresses. Using progressive elaboration to ï ¬ ll knowledge gaps, it might be possible to move a project to the left in  Fig. 1, thereby achieving the objective in a more predictable fashion. However, rapid changes in the environment, including tools and methods, and attempts to innovate,  act to push the project to the right, increasing unknowns.  The two forces of exploration and change act against each  other continuously throughout the project. The challenge is to conduct exploration at a greater rate than the emergence  of environmental change. It is also important to ensure that the amount of change created by the exploration and  implementation is not counterproductive overall. An example of Project A in Fig. 1 might be a production line where there only variable is the colour required. The intention here is to review literature to provide a  broad overview of approaches that might be used to better  deal with dynamic environments. Approaches were broken down as follows:

Development of Language and Brain Support

Development of Language and Brain Support Speech production is a highly skilled behavior that requires rapid and coordinated movements of the orofacial articulators. Speech and language are often confused, but there is a distinction between the two. Speech is the verbal expression of language and includes articulation, which is the way sounds and words are formed. On the contrary, language is much broader and refers to the entire system of expressing and receiving information in a way thats meaningful. It is understanding and being understood through communication in the form of verbal, non-verbal, and written. As a matter of fact, speech and language acquisition are intimately connected and have traditionally worked in parallel. In order to interpret the meaning of the spoken sounds, a coding mechanism is provided with set of rules for the listener and it is not straightforward. Speech production is a complicated process that undergoes several stages. The first stage is known as premotor process which means that the thought process is generally lumped together. The new ideas are converted into linguist structure that requires selections of suitable words and phrases. The brain functions by assembles the sounds that are needed to make each of the words. Next is the second stage which is called as the mechanical process. During this process, the brain sends signals to make those sounds. The development of language and brain support some relation to each other as language develops with the increase of the brain cell connections. Although the specific language learned is completely determined by the environment, we cannot deny that the capacity to acquire language is biologically determined as well. Thus it is reasonable to assume there are some language function exists in the brain which enables language acquired is parallel with the development of human brain as a child grows. Thus, the critical period for language learning is regarded to be the biologically determined period in which the brain keeps its plasticity for acquisition of any language. Under normal situations, a child is introduced to language essentially at the moment of birth. The first 3 years of life is the most intensive period for acquiring speech and language skills when the brain is developing and maturing. Brain development during childhood allows the brain to be shaped and the child is given an ability to grasp complex patterns, including those underlie speech. These skills develop best in a world that is rich with sounds, sights, and consistent exposure to the speech and language of others. As a child grows, they start to classify the speech sounds that form the words of their language. Plasticity for speech perception changes during childhood and adolescence, resulting in critical period for second-language acquisition. Once the natural critical period has passed without exposure to language, it will be more difficult to learn. The phenomenon of lateralization is extremely strong in humans. The brain of human beings consists of a left hemisphere and a right hemisphere, which different functions develop slowly in each parts of the brain as a child grows older. In the vast majority language areas are concentrated in the left hemisphere. The two major areas of human brain that are responsible for language are called Broca area and Wernicke area. Broca’s area is located in the left hemisphere and it is associated with speech production such as putting together sentences and using proper syntax. It is next to the area that controls facial muscle, jaw, tongue and throat function movement. If the area that controls movement is corrupted in any fashion, a person will experience difficulty in producing the actual sounds of speech. Our ability to articulate ideas, as well as use words accurately in spoken and written language, has been attributed to this crucial area. On the contrary, Wernickes area is the cri tical language area in the posterior superior temporal lobe that connects to Broca’s area via a neural pathway. Wernicke’s area is thought to be partially responsible for language processing or comprehension such as untangling and analyzing sentences, whether it is written or spoken. Other areas in brain that involved in language are those that surround the Sylvian fissure, a cleavage line that separates the portions of brain which are exclusively human. Many in the scientific community have posited that both speech and language are lateralize, which means, we use only one side of our brains for speech, which involves listening and speaking; and language, which involves constructing and understanding sentences. However, the conclusions pertaining to speech generally stem from studies that rely on indirect measurements of brain activity, raising questions about characterizing speech as lateralized. According to reseachers at New York University, speech is in fact bilate ralized. In simple words, the brain areas in both hemispheres are harnessed in making words. The specific areas are the bilateral inferior frontal and the inferior parietal, superior temporal, pre-motor and somatosensory cortices. Though both hemispheres of the brain are equal at birth, the function of language gradually settles in the dominant left hemisphere of the brain after biological maturation or the critical period which is proposed by Lenneberg (1967). Lenneberg concludes that the development of language is the result of brain maturation, which it holds that primary language acquisition must occur during critical period with the establishment of cerebral lateralization of function. A strong implication of this hypothesis is that the processes involved in any language acquisition which takes place after the age of puberty will be qualitatively different from those involved in first language acquisition. A commonly drawn, though not absolutely necessary, corollary of the CPH is that any language learning which occurs after the age of puberty will be slower and less successful than normal first language learning. There is a research obtained from people who suffered from brain damage also proved the evid ence for the lateralization of brains. A brain is said to lose its plasticity after the lateralization. Some case studies are reported on impaired brains before and after the critical periods. Adults who suffered brain damage in the left hemisphere fail to recover their language if they do not recover within five months, whereas children show an ability to recover fully if they were very young at the period of damage. It is said that even total removal of the left hemisphere did not remove children’s ability to reacquire a language. Consequently Lenneberg’s hypothesis is based on this period of lateralization, which language acquisition relied on the plasticity of both hemispheres and that hemispheric specialization was complete at puberty. If the language acquisition had not occurred by the time a child reached puberty, full mastery would never be attained. Knudsen (1999) distinguished a sensitive from a critical period, arguing that during a sensitive period, neuronal connections are particularly susceptible to environmental input, but later experience continues to influence neural development. In contrast, during a critical period, appropriate experience must occur to produce the neural connections necessary for normal function, and the resulting patterns are irreversible. During critical period, the neural system awaits specific informationto continue to develop normally(Knudsen, 1999). Thus, in both sensitive and critical periods, individuals are highly responsive to experience, but sensitive periods are ones in which later experience can also affect the individual, whereas during critical periods, experience is required for learning to occur and learning produces durable effects (Knudsen, 2004). Although phonetic learning can be affected by experience past childhood, phonetic learning exhibits the two principles cited by Knudsen fo r a critical period. According to Knudsen, a lack of exposure early in development to natural language, speech or sign results in the lack of normal language, and early experience with a particular language has indelible effects on speech perception. Phonetic perception might therefore be thought of as exhibiting a critical period in development. There are three stages of speech development. The first stage is known as social speech or external speech. Luria (1992) points out that â€Å"In no way is this speech related to intellect or thinking.† In this stage, speech is used to express simple thoughts and emotions such as laughter, crying and shouting. A child tends to uses speech to control the behaviour of others. For example: I want ball. The second stage is egocentric speech which is typically the type of speech found in a child of age three to seven. According to Lefrancois (1994), he states that this stage †serves as a bridge between the primitive and highly public social speech of the first stage and the more sophisticated and highly private inner speech of the third stage.† In this stage, the children often talk to themselves, regardless of someone listening to them. They are able to express and speak what they are doing as they do it, while voicing out loud in an attempt to guide their own behaviou r. The final stage of speech development is known as inner speech, used by older children and adults. It is an inner, soundless speech that includes communication rehearsal, rehashing conversations and imagined interactions with media personalities. This stage of speech allows us to direct our thinking and behaviour. Speech and language disorders Speech production is a complex process, involving a networked system of brain areas that each contribute in unique ways. Difficulty with speech can be the result of problems with the brain or nerves that control the facial muscles, larynx, and vocal cords necessary for speech. Likewise, muscular diseases and conditions that affect the jaws, teeth, and mouth can impair speech. Some conditions that affect speech are present at birth, such as inborn muscular conditions and congenital anatomical abnormalities; while others are the result of metabolic diseases, infections, tumors, or injury. Abnormalities of the vocal cords such as inflammation, polyps, cysts, and tumors can affect the pitch and quality of the voice. A number of different types of speech impediments can occur, and many terms have been used to qualify speech disorders. Aphasia is the loss of the ability to understand language, whether spoken or written, and occurs due to disturbances in the areas of the brain that are used in language processing. Benson (1967) has classified aphasia into two different types, which are Brocas aphasia and Wernickes aphasia (Jeanne, 1998). Brocas aphasia is also referred to as non-fluent or expressive aphasia. It is characterized by the loss of the ability to produce language. If someone has Brocas aphasia, they can still understand spoken language and read language, but they have a hard time speaking and writing due to movement problems. Typically they will talk using short phrases that make sense but they have extreme difficulty in moving their mouths and getting the sounds to come out. They also often omit words in order to shorten what they have to say. People who suffer from non-fluent aphasia understand the speech but because the cant get the words they want to say out they often get irritated and frustrated. People who suffer from Brocas aphasia also have right-sided paralysis or weakness that extends to their extremities. In contrast, Wernickes aphasia is characterized by superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs. Corruption of Wernickes area causes an individual to make meaningless sounds. Basically they can make do speech sounds, but they do not make any sense. In other words, damage to the the side portion of the brain may cause fluent aphasia. In most cases this kind of damage occurs in the left side, although it the damage can be caused from the right side also. People that have this left side damage or temporal lobe damage often talk in long sentences that basically are meaningless, they often add unwarranted words, and can even make up words. Therefore it is often extremely difficult to understand what a person with this disturbance is trying to tell you. The people that are affected by this disorder are usually unaware that they have it and usually have no weakness in their movements because their problem is not near that area of the brain. There are many other types of aphasia or speech and language disturbances and each form results from damage to different areas of the brain. Therefore it is hard for many neuroscientists to actually explain in words or pinpoint what area that truly conducts speech. References Jeanne, K. G. (1998). The fluency dimension in aphasia. Retrieved March 11, 2014, from http://aphasiology.pitt.edu/archive/00001131/01/27-13.pdf Knudsen, E. I. (1999). Early experience and critical periods. In M. J. Zigmond (Ed.), Fundamental Neuroscience (pp. 637–654). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Knudsen, E. I. (2004). Sensitive periods in the development of the brain and behavior. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/0898929042304796?journalCode=j ocn Lenneberg. E.H. (1967). Biological foundations of language. Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/biolinguistic/data/course/biological_foundations.htm

Effects of Technology Essay

The advent and development of computer technology through the past three decades may be the most important and revolutionary technology ever invented in history. It has completely changed the way people do things, from interpersonal communication to professional transactions. Computers have affected the cultures of families, friends, offices, academes and even states and countries. The effect of computer technology can be felt starting with the most basic social institution, the family. The personal computer has become a regular fixture in millions of homes around the world as much as the television or the couch. Some families even own more than one computer units. Of course, the statistics would be lower among less developed countries. Nevertheless, an effect of the prevalence of the personal computer is that it has become more and more affordable. For third world countries, the idea of catching up has also come to mean being competitive when it comes to computer literacy compared to developed countries. Parents use the computer to surf the Net, look for job-related information or anything that interests them like news or hobby sites. The children use the computer as aid in making assignments and research, playing video games or make friends they won’t ever see in person through the chat rooms. Outside the home, the influence of computers is felt much more. Offices cannot survive without computers as they are used for word processing, calculations, presentations, and other tasks. Internet technology, an offshoot of computers, has created a thriving electronic-based commerce which has made millionaires out of people whose capital has been their mere creative minds. Other activities that before were done without computers are now computer aided. Automated banking has made banking and bill payments possible even outside office hours. People can shop online using their credit cards without the hassle of crowds and miles of walking inside malls just to find the perfect shirt or gift. Government agencies keep voluminous records and provide computer-aided services making it possible to make transactions with the public even without the latter’s physical appearance. Like all technologies, the computer has its downsides, too. For instance, it has caused concern regarding the privacy of people as with the interconnectedness of networks in cyberspace it has become easy to look for information about anybody. Another is that computers, being machines, break down. Since people have grown dependent to this machine, a crash or malfunction of computers especially those doing tasks which a lot of people depend on (like ATMs when they go offline or very important data that suddenly become irretrievable with a crash) could result to a lot of frustration and anxiety. Computer technology has also created computer addicts and affected the health and social skills of some people who would rather sit in front of a monitor than interact with humans or play ball outside. Computer technology has become so prevalent and people and nations have become dependent to it so much so that in modern times it has become unimaginable to survive without computers. The future is going to be defined by how fast and how far computer technology is going to take humankind and to be computer-illiterate in this modern world is to be left behind in the past.

Dystopian society Essay

Societies that are futuristic in settings are what we call a dystopian society. Dystopia is literary the opposite of what a utopian community will be like. In dystopia, everything is distorted where people are ruled by either a strong-opposed individual through the use of militarism or technologies and also by technology themselves. Citizens of a dystopian community doesn’t hold their own rights and are usually treated inhumanely, creating a fearsome and dark environment. Short stories such as â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson typically follows a dystopian society. The author first introduces the story to be a utopian community where she describes the day as â€Å"clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green (Para. 1).† This entices our feeling of comfort and invites us to see what this day is all about, not knowing of what might happen in the end. The fact that Jackson first introduces us into such a calming scenery but ends it in such a misery, dehumanizes the mindset that such a â€Å"perfect† community can hide such monstrous activity. Dehumanization is a great deal in this short story where the villagers are blindly following the tradition of stoning the lottery’s winner to death and treating the event like a festivity. Dehumanization is also seen through the villager’s actions such as: â€Å"The people had done it so many times that they only half listened to the directions; most of them were quite. wetting their lips. not looking around (Para. 20).† Jackson creates this sense that these villagers have done it so many times that they don’t even care anymore and just what this lottery to be over with, so that they can go back to their daily lives. The villagers were describe as quite because they don’t want to make the lottery any longer than it is already and it can also be taken up as an acceptance to the events that follows. Some are wetting their lips which creates this anxiousness and ill-minded thoughts of wanting to kill someone. Excitement that they too will have a bountiful year again through the sacrifice of one of their own. Fear is yet another convention of dystopia that Jackson utilizes in this short story. Fear of the unknown by the audience and the fear of death. Fear is seen through the character of Tessie Hutchinson, who in the beginning of the story where like everybody else. She was nonchalant to the event and was conversing with the villagers like normal people would but all of this changes after she was picked by the lottery. She screams and tell everyone how â€Å"it isn’t fair, it isn’t right (Para. 80),† which contradicts her actions in the beginning. Fear is also seen where the villagers were â€Å"not looking around (Para. 20),† which describes how they individually doesn’t want to see the faces of the people who they will have to kill or know that they can be the one to die that day. The black box that contains the papers of the lottery is a symbolism of fear in the story. It presents death not only by the use of the color black but also because it holds the one paper that is the deciding factor of being the winner of the lottery. This is seen as â€Å"the villagers kept their distance, leaving a space between themselves and the stool (Para.4),† where they are unconsciously afraid of the lottery but doesn’t protest about its effects. Work Cited â€Å"Dystopias: Definition and Characteristics.† Readwritethink.org. ReadWriteThink, n.d Web. 18 Jan 2013 â€Å"The Lottery.† American Literature. N.p, n.d Web. 18 Jan 2013

Crime Reduction and Prevention essays

Crime Reduction and Prevention essays Using the insight of the Rational Theorists, the objective of this work is to provide an explanation of why willing offenders are able to find suitable targets and/or an absence of guardians in these areas that make them so crime prone. This work will further, based upon the knowledge the writer possesses of the approaches that available for addressing crime and with the attitudes of the city of New York toward crime, recommendations will be developed for improvement of this hot spots. There are many theoretical perspectives one might apply in attempting to address a solution for reduction of the extremely high rate of crime in such cities as New York and one of these is the theory of the Rationalists which is quite similar to the situational prevention theory. The Rational Choice Theory is discussed in the work of Browning, Halcli and Webster (2000) entitled: Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of the Present who state that this theory is one that makes the assumption that social phenomena that is complex is nature can be explained in terms of the elementary individual actions of which they are composed. (Scott, nd) This view is referred to as one based on methodological individualism, which states that: The elementary unit of social life is the individual human action. To explain social institutions and social change is to show how they arise as the result of the action and interactions of individuals. (Elster, 1989: 13; as cited in Scott, nd) This t heory holds that individuals are motivated by their wants or goals and that they act within specific, given restraints and on the basis of the information they have about the conditions under which they are acting. (Scott, nd) From the perspective of the Rational Theorists the factor of social interaction and exchange ...

PAPER WRITING SERVICE for College and University Students

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Daoism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Daoism - Essay Example For instance, Du Guangtung created his account using the west queen mother by selecting, re-writing, and combining various texts from the old literature. Some of the sources used by Du Guangtung to record the assembled transcendent of the fortified wall city include; Taoist, Buddhism, historical, classical and other popular sources; which retained his personal tradition of precedence work (Cahill 107). Du’s work is considered allusive and condensed. For instance, his first records are about a queen mother’s biography. The writings express the queen’s primacy in lineage and power. This account is one of the beneficial sources of Du Guangtung, which gives a complete account of the perceptions Taoists have about goddesses (Cahill 146). Du Guangtung gave the Records of the Assembled Transcendent of the Fortified City to the ruling emperor because he was attempting to associate the imperial government with Daoism. The Tang emperor was finally influenced by Daoism (Cahill 144). For instance, Bian’s story is publicized to honor the agreement by recording his transcendence. The book reveals that the founders of Tang Dynasty were sisters who were mothers of Emperor Yang of Sui. These sisters ruled two emperors of different dynasties. From the beginning, Daoism played a major role in the politics of Tang. Li Yuan bid for power by attracting followers through the claim for Daoist and Laozi descents (Bokenkamp 204). Individuals who were bidding for office had to involve monks from Buddhist temples to pray for them openly and they were paid cash donations in return. Buddhism and Daoism were accepted in the Tang Dynasty before Buddhists faced persecution in the 9th Century. Daoism’s spectacular success brought about the reunification of Tang Dynasty. Li Yuan, the founder of the kingdom, became more influential and successful after he was deferred of

Compare or contrast between ford musting and Nissan GTR Essay

Compare or contrast between ford musting and Nissan GTR - Essay Example The other difference to consider relates to their power Ford Mustang Shelby has a higher HP amounting to 550, while Nissan GT-R has a lower HP amounting to 545; hence, it is a bit lower than compared to the other car. The cars have another similarity, which relates to the number of passengers, whereby both have a capacity of carrying four passengers. The other similarity relates to the number of doors, and in this case, they have two doors. The cars have a significant difference relation to the base of transmission, whereby Nissan GT-R has 6-speed automatic, while Ford Mustang Shelby has 6-speed manual. Moreover, Nissan GT-R has an additional feature in relation to the transmission, whereby it has both automatic and manual mode, but Ford Mustang Shelby has only manual mode without automatic. The other difference relates to the drive type whereby, Ford Mustang Shelby has a Real-Wheel-Drive (RWD), while Nissan GT-R has All Wheel Drive (AWD 4 x 4). The other significant difference concerns the type of engine used by these cars, whereby Ford Mustang Shelby uses 5.4 Supercharge V8 engine, while Nissan GT-R uses 3.8 Turbocharged V6. The cars also have a difference in terms of the City Gas Mileage, which refers to the estimated amount of miles expended per gallon during a city driving which involves stopping and go traffic. In this case, Ford Mustang Shelby has 15 mpg, while Nissan GT-R 16 mpg. The other differences relate to the interior features in these cars, whereby Ford Mustang Shelby does not have A/C with Climate Control, but Nissan GT-R has. Moreover, Nissan GT-R has Auto-dimming Rearview Mirror, but Ford Mustang Shelby does not have one. On the other had Nissan GT-R does not have an Auxiliary Audio input Jack, but Ford Mustang Shelby has a one. Nissan GT-R also has built-in hard drive, heated front Seat, keyless ignition and Navigation system, which are not present in Ford Mustang Shelby. However, these cars share a similarity in their interior

Threat of migration as a core feature of the demographic landscape Essay

Threat of migration as a core feature of the demographic landscape - Essay Example This essay demonstrates that perhaps the biggest threat that migrant children face is that of child labor and trafficking. Due to lack of awareness, migrant children are known to be easy prey for child traffickers. In most cases, such children are lured with the promise of a good life elsewhere but most of them end up as being sex slaves while the boy children end up in construction and agriculture in some nations. In some Caribbean nations, some agencies came up to the children of migrants offering to reunite them with their parents. The children transit in such journeys without any adult accompaniment and this makes them vulnerable to child traffickers. Even after being united with their parents, some parents and especially mothers end up encouraging their daughters to participate in the sex trade for to help in paying the family bills.In conclusion, most families from third world nations have used migration as a means for economic survival. While parents who have migrated abroad i ncrease the remittances to their families, research has continually shown that such a move presents numerous threats to children. In most cases, the children who have been left behind are placed in a situation that increases their vulnerability something that has a negative effect on their psychological wellness. In addition to this, such children are vulnerable to abuse as well as misuse. Even the migrant children are not left out as they suffer the threat of sexual exploitation, child labor, and trafficking.

Steps in Medical Billing Process Essay Example for Free

Steps in Medical Billing Process Essay There are several steps to the medical billing process step one to ten are as follows: Preregister patients, Establish financial responsibility for visits, Check in the patients, Check out the patients, Review coding compliance, Check billing compliance, Prepare and transmit claims, Monitor payer adjudication, Generate patient statements and finally Follow up patients payments and handle collections. Preregister patients is when you schedule and update appointments and collect insurance information for the patients. When you are scheduling appointments for new patient you need to get basic information and insurance information and reason for appointment. Establishing Financial Responsibility is an important step where you must determine what services are covered under the patients insurance and what service they are responsible for this also help if a preauthorization is need and ensures that are information is done and billed correctly. Check in Patients This is when you collect all necessary information from the patient such as copies for insurance cards. This is also, where you can collect copays and make sure the patient’s information is correct and updated if need be. Check out Patients This is where you record the proper medical codes for the visit. This is also where you provide information if the patient has made a payment or how much they owe and to make sure it is coded properly so the patient will be charged correctly. If payment or copays have been made then a receipt is given. Review Coding Compliance This is where guidelines must be follow when coding the visit. This must be checked for errors and the visit and the code should be connected so the payer understands the charges. Check Billing Compliance Each charge, or fee, for a visit is related to a specific procedure code. The provider’s fees for services are listed on the medical practice’s fee schedule. Most medical practices have standard fee schedules listing their usual fees. Even through there is separate codes for each fee not all are necessarily billable Prepare and Transmit Claims This is where the claims are prepared and submit in a timely manner listing the diagnosis, procedures, and charges for the payer. Most are sent electronically and each practice, as a policy as to when claims are filed be it daily, every other day etc. Monitor Payer Adjudication is where the where the health plans decide rather to pay the whole bill, part of the bill or deny the bill altogether. It is important for them to get their money as soon as possible, this is also where any discrepancies are address, and an appeal is then file if there are any discrepancies found. Generate Patients Statements This is where payments are listed from the payer, and what is still owed and what the patient is being billed it is them mailed to the patient. The date of service and any balances , and services provided are all listed on the statement. Follow up patients payments and collections this is where patients payments are monitored and checked and if they are behind they are sent a notice and if still no response collection procedures maybe started.